Al-Qirtas

Contemporary Sensibility in Tahira Iqbal's Short Stories

2025-05-03T12:31:54+03:00

Literature as prose as poetry, criticism, drama or in any other form is the embodiment of letters reflects. The realities of social life of society of time both for its dark and bright sides. The writhers through their literary work points out ground realities regarding miseries and happiness, joys and sorrows in a skillful way that becomes a vehicle to carry sense for positive message of reform in the society. The sense being a hidden power of mind of writer receive stimulus from the prevalent interaction among things, facts, man individuals and problems contracting a society of the time. In areas of social economy life cultural habits and habitat, religious view, values and practices. The good ideas brilliant observation and deep imagination of a writer gather a sense which through her/ his vehicle of writing calls for social reformation in this preview Tahira Iqbal emerges as writer of the 1st ranks among literary figures her fictions and novels and novelette and writings in the domain of prose has done remarkable achievements for social life of the time or era and it make Tahira Iqbal as great contribution of the society.

Key Words: Contemporary Sensibility, Tahira Iqbal's Short stories, Literature, prose, poetry, criticism, drama, literary work, miseries and happiness, joys and sorrows, skillful way, contribution of the society.

A Critical and Research Review of Rules of Literary Historiography

2025-04-24T10:22:15+03:00

When it comes to history, the events of war, murder, upheaval of governments, political tactics, tawaif al-muluki and the rise and fall of nations are kept in mind. And when the word literature is used with history, then the mental state changes. And the linguistic, literary and cultural life of nations is seen. The story of human emotions, feelings and aesthetic tastes is called. Literary history is the art of describing the literary creations, trends, and evolutionary stages of a nation or language in chronological order. Therefore, it is important to take care of some principles so that history is authentic, comprehensive and impartial. Literary historiography refers to researching past events and writing them in the light of complete reference, evidence and evidence.

Key Words upheaval, tawaif al-muluki, linguistic, cultural life, aesthetic, evolutionary, authentic, comprehensive, historiography, evidence.

The Evolution of Terminology in Urdu Literature: A Historical Overview

2025-03-11T18:45:33+02:00

The evolution of terminology in Urdu literature has been shaped by a complex interplay of cultural, social, and linguistic factors throughout its history. Emerging from the rich traditions of Persian and Arabic, Urdu literature developed a unique lexicon that has evolved in tandem with the changing socio-political landscapes. The early phases of Urdu literature saw the influence of Persian during the Mughal era, where Persian terms such as "ghazal," "masnavi," and "qaseeda" became prominent. As Urdu continued to grow, the arrival of Islamic mysticism infused the language with spiritual and philosophical terms such as "tasawwuf" (Sufism) and "Ishq" (divine love), adding depth and complexity to its literary expression.The British colonial period introduced new ideas and concepts that further enriched the Urdu vocabulary, with Western terms in philosophy, politics, and social reform becoming part of the literary discourse. The 20th century saw a further expansion of Urdu terminology with the incorporation of terms related to modernism, socialism, and nationalism. These shifts in terminology reflect the changing intellectual currents of the time, from colonialism to post-independence nationalism and modernization. This paper explores the historical trajectory of Urdu literary terminology, highlighting its adaptation and transformation through various historical phases, and emphasizing the impact of cultural and political changes on the development of its lexicon.

Keywords: Urdu literature, terminology, historical evolution, Persian influence, Sufism, British colonial period, modernism, nationalism.

Some contradictory aspects of the concept of love of ‘’Ivan Turgenev’’ (A Critical Review)

2025-02-08T09:47:42+02:00

Ivan Turgenev is an important Russian novelist of the 18th century. In his novels, a deeply sympathetic and thought-provoking approach to the development of the Russian people emerges as the theme of the narrative. That is why Ivan Turgenev is also called the national novelist. But the paper in question looks at Ivan Turgenev's roles from a new and unique perspective. where his characters are naturalists. There are different kinds of love. Every character in his novels has a unique concept of love. The novelist considers love as a necessity and beauty of life. With regard to the concept of love, he portrays the interplay of sexual love and its significance in human life through his characters. This research-critical paper tries to portray love and imaginary love in front of the characters of most of his novels. So that on this important aspect of human psychology, many mental and sexual behaviors can come to the fore.

A Brief Analysis of Modern Representative Voices of Urdu Short Story

2025-02-06T20:43:15+02:00

In every period of Urdu short story, two angles of view have been accepted and popular. One of them is the bearer of the terrestrial trend and under it the fiction writer has seen the phenomena of life very closely. Thus, the roughness of the phenomena has first come under the grasp of his consciousness. This view is like a form of examining the environment and its characters with the help of a microscope and it can easily be called SHORT RANGE VIEW. The second angle of view is the advocate of the imaginative trend and under its influence the fiction writer has cast a fleeting glance at the surroundings from the height of imagination and thus his eyes have not concentrated and stopped at any particular place or point but have gone on to cover the whole. This view is a form of examining the environment with the help of a telescope and if it is called LONG RANGE VIEW then the matter becomes clear. Both these ways of seeing were prevalent at the very beginning of Urdu short story, but in the earlier period the imaginative tendency was relatively stronger and the reason for this was that Urdu fiction was associated with the tradition of storytelling, in which the flight of imagination was of utmost importance. Of course, ignoring everyday life was not the creed of the storyteller, and this was because he himself was a man of flesh and blood and could not deny the phenomena of the environment, which were scattered all around him and were affecting his consciousness every moment. However, since hundreds of years of renunciation and dervish tendencies had fostered the tendency to withdraw from earthly phenomena at the higher level, he was forced to follow this trend. This era contains some new writers e.g Ghayas Ahmad Gudi, Qazi Abdul Sattar, Abid Sohail, Iqbal Majeed, Iqbal Mateen, Jailani Bano, Zameer ud deen Ahmad, Joganderpal, Ram Ammal, Ruten Singh, Kalam Haideri, Anwar Azeem, Qaiser Tamkeen, Ahmed Yousaf and Aoni Saeed as well.

Key Words: Modern Short story, phenomena of life, SHORT RANGE VIEW, LONG RANGE VIEW, Ghayas Ahmad Gudi, Qazi Abdul Sattar, Abid Sohail, Iqbal Majeed, Iqbal Mateen, Jailani Bano, Zameer ud deen Ahmad, Joganderpal, Ram Ammal, Ruten Singh, Kalam Haideri, Anwar Azeem, Qaiser Tamkeen,Ahmed Yousaf, Aoni Saeed.

A Look at the Debates on Neo-Historicism

2025-06-05T05:44:40+03:00

If we look at the discussions of neo-historicism, in a sense, the relationship between literature and history is a thing in front of us, and for centuries literature has been seen and read as part of human history, that is, just as political and social history is part of human history, so literature is also part of human history. But despite all this, literature is a mirror of history and it is not, the pulse of history is visible and not visible in literature. The relationship between literature and history is simple, direct and two-by-two, and for some it is so complex and deep that literature is seen as the interpreter of history and it is not, or literature represents the spirit of the age and it is not. Therefore, for centuries, there have been two critical attitudes about the relationship between literature and history, which are both contradictory and contradictory. First, literature is a product of history and the correct and appropriate study of literature is that which is done with a historical and social perspective. Secondly, the literary text is an organic whole, it is free and autonomous, and literary study should not be conducted independently with the help of literary principles, but rather with the help of external, historical (socio-political) principles.

Key Words: Neo-historicism, literature and history, critical attitudes, socio-political, social perspective.

The Concept of Love in the Poetry of Meer, Ghalib and Iqbal

2025-05-30T20:09:03+03:00

Meer’s ghazals are filled with incalculable love and affection, yearning and heartache. There is a timeless quality to his words. That transcends cultural boundaries and touches the hearts of reader’s generation after generation. Meer Taqi Meer’s poetic legacy is a testament to the enduring power of love and affection in all its forms. Through his words, he invites us to delve into the depths of our hearts. And to find those deep connections. That bind us to each other. The master of Urdu poetry, Mirza Ghalib, encapsulates the essence of love and affection in his poems like no other. His words resonate with time, touching hearts with their depth and emotion. Ghalib’s poetry encapsulates the bitter nature of love, portraying both its beauty and its pain. Raza Ghalib explored the complexities of human relationships through his ghazals, weaving together themes of longing, aspiration and heartbreak. His ability to articulate intense emotions with simplicity is what distinguishes him as a poet. Allama Iqbal, known as the “Shaer-e-Mashriq”, wrote many poems expressing love and affection in his poetry. His poetry of this style was more about the Prophet Muhammad and Allah than a traditional beloved. Iqbal’s poetry is more than just words on paper. It is a path of self-discovery and self-realization. As we study the poetic realm of Allama Iqbal, we are reminded that love has no limits – it is an eternal force that embraces us all. Other themes of Allama Iqbal are also worth mentioning. This article written about concept of love in the poetry of Meer Taqi Meer, Mirza Ghalib and Allama Iqbal.

Key Words: Meer Taqi Meer, Mirza Ghalib, Allama Iqbal, Meer’s poetic legacy, essence of love, Ghalib’s poetry, “Shaer-e-Mashriq”

Investigating ESL Learners’ Perceptions Regarding the Role of Flipped Classroom Method in Promoting Students’ Autonomy and Collaboration in Enhancing Active Language Skills

2025-05-13T19:55:08+03:00

This study investigates students’ perceptions of the flipped classroom approach to promote autonomy and collaborative learning in ESL (English as a Second Language) classrooms. Grounded in constructivist learning theory, the research explores how pre-class preparation and in-class interactive tasks influence students' engagement, peer interaction, and overall learning experience. A qualitative methodology was employed for this study. A survey method was used for data collection and analysis with undergraduate ESL learners. A semi-structured interviews were conducted from ESL learners. The findings revealed that students generally view the flipped model as increased student autonomy, collaboration, motivation, and preparation for class activities. However, challenges such as technical barriers were also reported. The study concluded that properly facilitated flipped learning can serve as an effective strategy to enhance collaborative learning and students’ autonomy in language classrooms. Recommendations are provided for educators and future researchers to maximize its benefits and address its limitations.

Keywords: Flipped classroom, collaborative learning, students’ perceptions, ESL learners, language education, constructivism, peer interaction, active learning

A Critical Analysis of Romal e Zehra: An Elegiac Collection

2025-04-25T19:56:18+03:00

Shahid Naqvi, a renowned poet from Karachi, has made a name for himself in the field of elegy writing. With over a dozen published collections of elegies, Naqvi's poetry is known for its intellectual and philosophical depth. Naqvi's elegies are not limited to mere lamentation, but rather provide a logical and scholarly analysis of the events of Karbala and the martyrdom of Imam Husain. His poetry is characterized by its unique blend of thought, imagination, and literary skill.The collection "Romal-e-Zahra" is a beautiful compilation of ten elegies, each one a masterpiece in its own right. The collection includes both elegies on the tragedy of Karbala and personal elegies. Naqvi's poetry is notable for its ability to present complex ideas in a simple and elegant manner. His use of language is masterful, and his ability to convey deep emotions through his words is unparalleled.In the realm of elegy writing, Naqvi is a pioneer, and his poetry has set a new standard for others to follow. His commitment to his craft is evident in every line of his poetry, and his ability to innovate and experiment with language is truly remarkable.

Key words: Intellectual and philosophical depth,Logical analysis ,Events of Karbala,Martyrdom of Imam Husain,Traditional style,Logical easoning,Center of guidance ,Sorrow and lamentation

Meera Ji’s Poem: In The Context Of Psychological Thought, Existentialism And Romanticism

2025-04-09T19:45:50+03:00

Modern Urdu poem has adopted various influences of Western poem, among which Psychological thought, Existentialism and Romanticism emerge as significant intellectual trends. Meera Ji emerges as a poet who skillfully expanded the scope of modern Urdu poem by embracing theses western intellectual trends in general. Psychological complexity sense of underappreciation and a sort of rich romantic imagination being the basic traits of his personality, paved the way of assimilate thesis particular western thoughts in his Urdu poem with phenomenal mastery. An attempt has been made through this article to understand these concepts in his Urdu poem within the context of Western influences as whole.

Key Wodrs: Meera ji,Western influences Psychological thought, Existentialism, Romanticism

Ghafir Shahzad Novel "Mukli Main Marg" in the Context of the Capitalism

2025-02-20T07:13:36+02:00

In this novel, shrines and their associated stories have been seen through the eyes of the modern age. Everyone knows that the activities associated with shrines have become a historical industry due to the immense participation of the public and this hidden and mysterious world has its own beauty and ugliness which could not have remained hidden from the eyes of a person like Ghafir Shahzad, especially the government functionaries who get financial benefits and their tools among the public who cause the disrepute of this sector. Thus, Ghafir Shahzad's mind has arranged a plot with all such characters and their relationships which has come before us in the form of a wonderful novel. The biggest challenge for Ghafir Shahzad in this novel was the unique and varied atmosphere of the plot, which had hundreds of aspects. It was doubtful that most of these aspects would be accessible to the eyes and mind of a single reader. This is a unique effort, different from the biased historical, romantic and narrative novels, and therefore its technique is also different. It has neither a traditional beginning and end nor a formulaic arrangement and organization. The reader can be urged to spend time with this novel. So Capitalism has been discussed in this context.

Key Words: Ghafir Shahzad, "Mukli main Marg", financial benefits, historical, romantic, narrative novels, Capitalism.

Manto’s Film World: A Critical Review of before the Establishment of Pakistan

2025-02-07T08:30:56+02:00

Saadat Hasan Manto is mainly known for his fiction but he also wrote drama, essays, letters and sketches. Translated from world literature and edited magazines. But one of Manto's key references is his commitment to filmography. Where he spent the most important years of his life. Manto spent most of his life in film industry mixing with directors, musicians, filmmakers, actors and writers. And became the residents of this town. Here his life was tumultuous and he was a part of many conflicts and riots. Minto wrote scripts for several films, some of which were filmed and became popular. However, most of the films either flopped or were not shot at all, much to Minto's dismay. But this does not diminish the importance of Manto's early filmmaking, rather it is clear that the themes he penned in his filmmaking were social reforms.

Keywords: Saadat Hasan Manto; Manto’s Film; Film Kisan kanya; Film Tu Bara kay Mein Bara; Film Mirza Ghalib.

The Shariah Status and Commandments of Circumcision and Aqeeqah

2025-06-04T18:53:26+03:00

Circumcision is a natural practice and a tradition of the Prophets, intended to ensure cleanliness by removing the foreskin covering the male genital organ. Prophet Ibrahim (Abraham), ???? ??????, circumcised himself at the age of 80. There are different opinions regarding the circumcision of the Prophet Muhammad ? — some say he was born circumcised, while others state it was done on the seventh day after his birth. In Islam, circumcision holds great importance and was also instructed for those accepting Islam. According to Islamic jurists (Fuqaha): Hanafi school: It is a Sunnah Muakkadah (emphasized practice) for males. Shafi'i, Maliki, and Hanbali schools: It is obligatory (wajib) for males. For females, it is considered either recommended (mustahabb) or an act of honor according to various scholars. The best time for circumcision is the seventh day after birth, as practiced with Hasan??? ???? ??? and Husayn??? ???? ??? (grandsons of the Prophet ?). If someone is naturally born circumcised, some scholars recommend symbolically passing a blade over the area. Aqiqah is a form of gratitude to Allah upon the birth of a child. It involves the sacrifice of two goats for a boy and one for a girl. It is a Sunnah act that brings blessings and serves as a means of protection and intercession for the child. The Prophet ? emphasized its importance, stating that a child is pledged to their Aqiqah, which should be done on the seventh day. If Aqiqah cannot be performed on the seventh day, it can be done on the fourteenth or twenty-first day, and even later according to Shafi'i and Hanbali scholars, as long as it's before puberty. On the seventh day, it is also Sunnah to shave the baby's head (for both genders according to Hanafis, only for boys according to Hanbalis) and give charity in silver equal to the weight of the hair. Fatimah??? ???? ????, the daughter of the Prophet ?, did this for her children Hasan, Husayn, Zainab, and Umm Kulthum ??? ???? ???? .

Inviting others to the circumcision or Aqiqah is a matter of differing opinions. Some scholars permit it, while others discourage it. However, it is Sunnah to make the circumcision of boys public and to keep that of girls private.

Keywords: Circumcision, Aqiqah, Natural Practice, Tradition, Male genital Organ

Guaranteeing the Damages Caused by Spreading Rumors on Social Media Platforms: A Jurisprudential Study

2025-05-18T21:28:10+03:00

Guaranteeing the Damages Caused by Spreading Rumors on Social Media Platforms: A Jurisprudential Study. Our modern era is characterized by the information revolution, which has made communication between individuals in different countries easily accessible through various social media platforms. Despite the many positive aspects of these methods, there are also many negative aspects that are not hidden, the most prominent of these negative aspects is the spread of rumors and lies through social media. This is the means and method that weak people resort to cause material and moral harm to others, especially with the rapid spread of rumors through social media platforms compared to other means. Therefore, this study aims to address this dangerous trend by clarifying its Sharia ruling and then explaining the justification for the compensation of damages caused by spreading rumors in Islamic jurisprudence. Sheds light on this. Spreading rumors through social media platforms is one of the most prominent negative trends in the world, which aims to cause material and moral harm to others, especially with the speed and growth of the spread of rumors through these various platforms. Therefore, this research problem can be formulated with a basic question: To what extent is it permissible to compensate for losses resulting from the spread of rumors on social media platforms?

Keywords: Social Media, Rumors, Damages, Warranty, Compensate, Jurisprudential Studies.